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Relapsed or refractory myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) refers to a heterogeneous group of myeloid malignancies in which patients fail to respond to initial therapy or experience disease recurrence after treatment. As per Garcia-Manero et al., 2023, myelodysplastic syndrome affects approximately 3-5 individuals per 100,000 in the United States population, with prevalence rising to nearly 8-30 per 100,000 among adults aged 60 years and older. Current therapies include hypomethylating agents, immunotherapies, and targeted agents. According to the relapsed or refractory myelodysplastic syndrome pipeline analysis by Expert Market Research, growing focus on novel targeted drugs, combination regimens, and biomarker-driven approaches is expected to drive pipeline expansion and therapeutic advancements in the coming years.
Major companies involved in the relapsed or refractory myelodysplastic syndrome pipeline analysis include GluBio Therapeutics Inc., Nkarta, Inc., and others.
Leading drugs currently in the pipeline include GLB-001, FHD-286, NKX101 - CAR NK Cell Therapy, and others.
The pipeline growth is driven by the rising late-stage hypomethylating combinations, expanding immunotherapy and targeted approaches, and increasing clinical focus on post-HMA failure populations with high unmet treatment needs.
The Relapsed or Refractory Myelodysplastic Syndrome Pipeline Analysis Report by Expert Market Research gives comprehensive insights into relapsed or refractory myelodysplastic syndrome therapeutics currently undergoing clinical trials. It covers various aspects related to the details of each of these drugs under development for relapsed or refractory myelodysplastic syndrome. The relapsed or refractory myelodysplastic syndrome report assessment includes the analysis of over 100 pipeline drugs and 50+ companies. The relapsed or refractory myelodysplastic syndrome pipeline landscape will include an analysis based on efficacy and safety measure outcomes published for the trials, including their adverse effects on patients suffering from the condition, and alignment with relapsed or refractory myelodysplastic syndrome treatment guidelines to ensure optimal care practices.
The assessment part will include a detailed analysis of each drug, drug class, clinical studies, phase type, drug type, route of administration, and ongoing product development activities related to relapsed or refractory myelodysplastic syndrome.

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Relapsed or refractory myelodysplastic syndrome (R/R MDS) is a high-risk hematologic malignancy characterized by ineffective blood cell production and progression after initial therapy. It occurs when patients fail to respond to, or relapse after, standard hypomethylating agents, often due to clonal evolution, genetic instability, and acquired drug resistance, leading to rapid disease progression and poor survival outcomes.
Relapsed or refractory myelodysplastic syndrome treatment focuses on disease control after hypomethylating agent failure and includes combination therapies, targeted immunotherapies, clinical trial agents, supportive care, and allogeneic stem cell transplantation in eligible patients to improve response rates and extend survival. In August 2024, Faron Pharmaceuticals Ltd. received United States Food and Drug Administration Fast Track Designation for bexmarilimab in combination with azacitidine for relapsed or refractory myelodysplastic syndrome. The designation followed promising Phase I and Phase II BEXMAB trial results demonstrating clinically meaningful responses in hypomethylating agent–resistant patients.
The pipeline underscores the growing disease burden with limited durable treatment options. According to Guillermo Garcia-Manero et al., 2023, myelodysplastic syndrome prevalence in the United States rises sharply with age, reaching 7-35 cases per 100,000 individuals aged 60 years and above. As per Xinyue Gou et al., 2025, the global burden of myelodysplastic syndrome and myeloproliferative neoplasm increased steadily from 1990 to 2021, driven mainly by population growth. The median age at diagnosis in the United States is 76 years, with a reported three-year survival rate of only 35%, reinforcing the need for advanced therapeutic development.
This section of the report covers the analysis of relapsed or refractory myelodysplastic syndrome drug candidates based on several segmentations, including:
By Phase
The pipeline assessment report covers 50+ drug analyses based on phase:
By Drug Class
The relapsed or refractory myelodysplastic syndrome pipeline analysis report covers 50+ drug analyses based on drug classes:
By Route of Administration
The pipeline assessment report covers 50+ drug analyses based on the route of administration:
The report covers phase I, phase II, phase III, phase IV, and early-phase drugs. The coverage includes an in-depth analysis of each drug across these phases. According to EMR analysis, phase I, with 65%, covers a major share of the total Relapsed or Refractory Myelodysplastic Syndrome clinical trials, reflecting strong early clinical innovation. Phase II holds 33%, indicating steady mid-stage progression. Collectively, this balanced phase distribution supports sustained pipeline momentum and future market growth.
The drug molecule categories covered under the relapsed or refractory myelodysplastic syndrome pipeline analysis include small molecules, monoclonal antibodies, gene therapies, peptides, and polymers. The relapsed or refractory myelodysplastic syndrome report provides a comparative analysis of the drug classes for each drug in various phases of clinical trials for relapsed or refractory myelodysplastic syndrome. Targeted therapies are gaining prominence in the pipeline due to their mutation-specific approach. For instance, ivosidenib, an isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 inhibitor, is approved for patients with susceptible IDH1 mutations. It selectively inhibits mutant enzymes, restoring normal cellular differentiation and improving hematologic outcomes.
The EMR report for the relapsed or refractory myelodysplastic syndrome pipeline covers the profile of key companies involved in clinical trials and their drugs under development. It provides a detailed relapsed or refractory myelodysplastic syndrome therapeutic assessment, analyzing the competitive dynamics of the clinical trial landscape. Below is the list of a few players involved in relapsed or refractory myelodysplastic syndrome clinical trials:
This section covers the detailed analysis of each drug under multiple phases, including phase I, phase II, phase III, phase IV, and emerging drugs for relapsed or refractory myelodysplastic syndrome. It includes product description, trial ID, study type, drug class, mode of administration, and recruitment status of relapsed or refractory myelodysplastic syndrome drug candidates.
GLB-001 is an orally administered, first-in-class molecular glue degrader sponsored by GluBio Therapeutics Inc. and is currently being evaluated in a first-in-human Phase 1 clinical study for relapsed or refractory higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes. The study assesses safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and preliminary efficacy. GLB-001 selectively targets casein kinase 1 alpha (CK1α), a key regulator of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and p53 stability. The dose-escalation and expansion phases determine the maximum tolerated dose and establish the recommended Phase 2 dose for future development.
FHD-286 is being evaluated in relapsed or refractory Myelodysplastic Syndromes under a Phase 1 clinical study sponsored by Foghorn Therapeutics Inc. The study examines the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and preliminary clinical activity of orally administered FHD-286 as monotherapy or in combination with low-dose cytarabine or decitabine. FHD-286 is a potent, selective, oral small-molecule inhibitor of BRG1 and BRM, key ATPase subunits of the BAF chromatin-remodeling complex. The trial determines the recommended Phase 2 dose while assessing early antitumor activity in advanced hematologic malignancies.
NKX101 is an investigational, off-the-shelf allogeneic CAR natural killer (NK) cell therapy sponsored by Nkarta, Inc. and is being evaluated in a Phase 1 clinical study for adults with relapsed or refractory myelodysplastic syndrome. The study is actively examining the safety, tolerability, and optimal dosing of intravenously administered NKX101. This cryopreserved cell therapy is engineered to target NKG2D ligands expressed on malignant cells, triggering NK cell–mediated cytotoxicity. The study is further evaluating cellular kinetics, pharmacodynamics, and preliminary anti-tumor activity in high-risk MDS populations.
*Please note that this is only a partial list; the complete list of drugs will be available in the full report.*
The Relapsed or Refractory Myelodysplastic Syndrome Pipeline Analysis Report provides a strategic overview of the latest and future landscape of treatments for relapsed or refractory myelodysplastic syndrome. It provides necessary information for making informed investment decisions along with research, development, and strategic planning efforts. The stakeholders will benefit from the essential insights into relapsed or refractory myelodysplastic syndrome collaborations, regulatory environments, and potential growth opportunities.
*While we strive to always give you current and accurate information, the numbers depicted on the website are indicative and may differ from the actual numbers in the main report. At Expert Market Research, we aim to bring you the latest insights and trends in the market. Using our analyses and forecasts, stakeholders can understand the market dynamics, navigate challenges, and capitalize on opportunities to make data-driven strategic decisions.*
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