Global Facility Management Market: By Type: In-House, Outsourced; By Sector: Public, Private; By Services: Soft Services, Hard Service; By Industry: Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance, Others; Regional Analysis; Historical Market and Forecast (2018-2028); Value Chain Analysis; Competitive Landscape; Industry Events and Developments

Global Facility Management Market Outlook

The global facility management market reached a value of about USD 1,435.51 billion in 2021. The market is further expected to grow at a CAGR of 3.70% in the forecast period of 2023-2028, to reach a value of approximately USD 1,774.82 billion by 2027.

 

Global Facility Management Market

Read more about this report - REQUEST FREE SAMPLE COPY IN PDF

 

Increasing Shift Towards Outsourcing Facilities Management to Augment the Facility Management Industry Growth

Based on type, the outsourced segment has been experiencing a relatively faster growth in terms of facility management market size as compared to in-house, as companies are increasingly outsourcing facilities management. Within the outsourced segment, integrated facility management (IFM) services are expected to witness a robust growth in the forecast period, representing a substantial component of the global facilities management market size. The facility management trends 2022 like increasing demand for performance-based contracts and the growing adoption of digital technologies are expected to provide enhanced growth opportunities for the market expansion.

 

With increasing globalisation and expansion of organisations across multiple locations, the demand for facility management is expected to surge in coming years. The increasing trend for work from home is resulting in a growing need for secure collaboration, particularly with the handling of sensitive data. However, larger companies are investing in alternatives such as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software that are more suited for digital architecture that is not ideally suited for isolated use of facility management systems.

 

North America Leads the Global Market for Facility Management

Based on the facilities management market research, the global facility management industry is dominated by the North America region. The demand is growing as the organisations in this region have been early adopters of advanced technologies and management solutions. The increased penetration of key players, growing investments by various organisations to streamline the workflow and enhance their efficiency, and rapidly growing economies in the region are facilities management market trends, boosting the demand for facility management services. The US facilities management market, as well as the market in Canada, are providing enhanced opportunities for the overall growth in North America.

 

Meanwhile, the Asia Pacific is expected to witness a robust growth in the forecast period owing to the rising adoption of advanced technologies like IoT, AI, and others, and the increasing construction activities in the region. The India facility management market has been experiencing significant growth, with the growing competition amongst companies encouraging them to optimise their operations. The facility management services market in India 2016-2020, saw substantial advancements, with new providers entering the market. As awareness regarding benefits of facility management grew, more companies sought facility management services and software.

 

Facility Management: Market Segmentation

Facility management, often abbreviated as FM, is the practice of providing efficient and effective delivery of support services, such as asset tracking and management, space optimisation, system of record, cost analysis, and integration, to an organisation that it serves. It allows a workplace to run at maximum efficiency by integrating people, place, processes, and technology. It enhances the productivity of the core business and maximises the functionality, comfort, and efficiency of the built environment.

 

The overall facility management industry can be subdivided into the facility management software market and the facility management services market. Among these, the facilities management software market size is substantially large, with many organisations opting for software for facilities management that they can use long-term, as opposed to dedicated services that may become expensive for smaller companies.

 

Global Facility Management Market By Service

Read more about this report - REQUEST FREE SAMPLE COPY IN PDF

 

The market is bifurcated based on type into:

  • In-House
  • Outsourced

Among these, the outsourced segment is further divided based on type into IFM and others.

 

On the basis of sector, the industry can be segmented into:

  • Public
  • Private
  • Others

 

By service, the industry can be categorised into:

  • Soft Services
  • Hard Service
  • Others

 

Based on industry, the market is divided into:

  • Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance
  • Healthcare
  • IT and Telecom
  • Manufacturing
  • Education
  • Military and Defence
  • Energy and Utilities
  • Others

The regional markets for the product include North America, Europe, the Asia Pacific, Latin America, and the Middle East and Africa.

 

Global Facility Management Market By Region

Read more about this report - REQUEST FREE SAMPLE COPY IN PDF

 

Change in Workplace Design and Work Culture and the Rapid Urbanisation to Boost the Facility Management Industry Growth

The dramatic change in workplace design and work culture is one of the major factors driving the growth of the facility management industry globally. According to the global facilities management market report 2020 pdf, there has been an increased focus of organisations on optimisation processes and energy efficiency improvements. Additionally, the growing urbanisation and the rising investments in infrastructure projects, particularly in developing nations, are also aiding the industry growth.

 

Over the forecast period, there is expected to be a surge in adoption of digital technologies. This is expected to compel the facility management providers to focus on integration of digital technologies. Further, the growing preference for integrated facility management (IFM) services is expected to be a major industry trend in the coming years.

 

Key Industry Players in the Global Facility Management Market

The facility management market report gives a detailed analysis of the following key players in the global facility management market, covering their competitive landscape, capacity, and latest developments like mergers, acquisitions, and investments, expansions of capacity, and plant turnarounds:

 

  • CBRE Group, Inc.
  • Compass Group
  • Jones Lang LaSalle Inc.
  • Dusters Total Solutions Services Pvt. Ltd
  • BVG India Limited
  • ISS Facility Services India Pvt. Ltd.
  • Cushman & Wakefield, Inc.
  • Sodexo
  • Mace Group
  • Flexim Group SA
  • Others

 

The comprehensive EMR report provides an in-depth assessment of the market based on the Porter's five forces model along with giving a SWOT analysis.

 

Key Highlights of the Report

REPORT FEATURES DETAILS
Base Year 2022
Historical Period 2018-2022
Forecast Period 2023-2028
Scope of the Report

Historical and Forecast Trends, Industry Drivers and Constraints, Historical and Forecast Market Analysis by Segment:

  • Type
  • Sector
  • Services
  • Industry
  • Region
Breakup by Type
  • In-House
  • Outsourced
Breakup by Sector
  • Public
  • Private
  • Others
Breakup by Services
  • Soft Services
  • Hard Service
  • Others
Breakup by Industry
  • Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance
  • Healthcare
  • IT and Telecom
  • Manufacturing
  • Education
  • Military and Defence
  • Energy and Utilities
  • Construction and Real Estate
  • Others
Breakup by Region
  • North America
    • United States of America 
    • Canada
  • Europe
    • United Kingdom
    • Germany
    • France
    • Italy
    • Others
  • Asia Pacific
    • China
    • Japan
    • India
    • ASEAN
    • Australia
    • Others
  • Latin America
    • Brazil
    • Argentina
    • Mexico
    • Others
  • Middle East and Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • United Arab Emirates
    • Nigeria
    • South Africa
    • Others
Market Dynamics
  • SWOT
  • Porter's Five Forces
  • Key Indicators for Demand
  • Key Indicators for Price
Competitive Landscape
  • Market Structure
  • Company Profiles
    • Company Overview
    • Product Portfolio
    • Demographic Reach and Achievements
    • Certifications
Companies Covered
  • CBRE Group, Inc. 
  • Compass Group 
  • Jones Lang LaSalle Inc. 
  • Dusters Total Solutions Services Pvt. Ltd 
  • BVG India Limited 
  • ISS Facility Services India Pvt. Ltd. 
  • Cushman & Wakefield, Inc. 
  • Sodexo 
  • Mace Group
  • Flexim Group SA
  • Others
Report Price and Purchase Option Explore our purchase options that are best suited to your resources and industry needs.
Delivery Format Delivered as an attached PDF and Excel through email, with an option of receiving an editable PPT, according to the purchase option.

 

*At Expert Market Research, we strive to always give you current and accurate information. The numbers depicted in the description are indicative and may differ from the actual numbers in the final EMR report.

1    Preface
2    Report Coverage – Key Segmentation and Scope
3    Report Description

    3.1    Market Definition and Outlook
    3.2    Properties and Applications
    3.3    Market Analysis
    3.4    Key Players
4    Key Assumptions
5    Executive Summary

    5.1    Overview
    5.2    Key Drivers
    5.3    Key Developments
    5.4    Competitive Structure
    5.5    Key Industrial Trends
6    Snapshot
    6.1    Global
    6.2    Regional
7    Opportunities and Challenges in the Market
8    Global Facility Management Market Analysis

    8.1    Key Industry Highlights
    8.2    Global Facility Management Historical Market (2018-2022) 
    8.3    Global Facility Management Market Forecast (2023-2028)
    8.4    Global Facility Management Market by Type
        8.4.1    In-House
            8.4.1.1    Market Share
            8.4.1.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022)
            8.4.1.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028)
        8.4.2    Outsourced
            8.4.2.1    Market Share
            8.4.2.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022)
            8.4.2.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028)
            8.4.2.4    Breakup by Type
                8.4.2.4.1    IFM
                    8.4.2.4.1.1    Market Share
                    8.4.2.4.1.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022)
                    8.4.2.4.1.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028)
                8.4.2.4.2    Others
    8.5    Global Facility Management Market by Sector
        8.5.1    Public
            8.5.1.1    Market Share
            8.5.1.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022)
            8.5.1.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028)
        8.5.2    Private
            8.5.2.1    Market Share
            8.5.2.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022)
            8.5.2.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028)
        8.5.3    Others
    8.6    Global Facility Management Market by Services
        8.6.1    Soft Services
            8.6.1.1    Market Share
            8.6.1.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022)
            8.6.1.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028)
        8.6.2    Hard Service
            8.6.2.1    Market Share
            8.6.2.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022)
            8.6.2.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028)
        8.6.3    Others
    8.7    Global Facility Management Market by Industry
        8.7.1    Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance
            8.7.1.1    Market Share
            8.7.1.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022)
            8.7.1.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028)
        8.7.2    Healthcare
            8.7.2.1    Market Share
            8.7.2.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022)
            8.7.2.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028)
        8.7.3    IT and Telecom
            8.7.3.1    Market Share
            8.7.3.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022)
            8.7.3.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028)
        8.7.4    Manufacturing
            8.7.4.1    Market Share
            8.7.4.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022)
            8.7.4.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028)
        8.7.5    Education
            8.7.5.1    Market Share
            8.7.5.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022)
            8.7.5.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028)
        8.7.6    Military and Defence
            8.7.6.1    Market Share
            8.7.6.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022)
            8.7.6.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028)
        8.7.7    Energy and Utilities
            8.7.7.1    Market Share
            8.7.7.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022)
            8.7.7.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028)
        8.7.8    Construction and Real Estate
            8.7.8.1    Market Share
            8.7.8.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022)
            8.7.8.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028)
        8.7.9    Others
    8.8    Global Facility Management Market by Region       
        8.8.1    North America
            8.8.1.1    Market Share
            8.8.1.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022) 
            8.8.1.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028)
        8.8.2    Europe
            8.8.2.1    Market Share
            8.8.2.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022) 
            8.8.2.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028)
        8.8.3    Asia Pacific
            8.8.3.1    Market Share
            8.8.3.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022) 
            8.8.3.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028)
        8.8.4    Latin America
            8.8.4.1    Market Share
            8.8.4.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022) 
            8.8.4.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028)
        8.8.5    Middle East and Africa
            8.8.5.1    Market Share
            8.8.5.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022) 
            8.8.5.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028) 
9    North America Facility Management Market Analysis
    9.1    United States of America 
        9.1.1    Market Share
        9.1.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022) 
        9.1.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028)
    9.2    Canada
        9.2.1    Market Share
        9.2.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022) 
        9.2.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028)
10    Europe Facility Management Market Analysis
    10.1    United Kingdom
        10.1.1    Market Share
        10.1.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022) 
        10.1.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028)
    10.2    Germany
        10.2.1    Market Share
        10.2.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022) 
        10.2.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028)
    10.3    France
        10.3.1    Market Share
        10.3.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022) 
        10.3.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028)
    10.4    Italy
        10.4.1    Market Share
        10.4.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022) 
        10.4.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028)
    10.5    Others
11    Asia Pacific Facility Management Market Analysis
    11.1    China
        11.1.1    Market Share
        11.1.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022) 
        11.1.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028)
    11.2    Japan
        11.2.1    Market Share
        11.2.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022) 
        11.2.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028)
    11.3    India
        11.3.1    Market Share
        11.3.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022) 
        11.3.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028)
    11.4    ASEAN
        11.4.1    Market Share
        11.4.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022) 
        11.4.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028)
    11.5    Australia
        11.5.1    Market Share
        11.5.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022) 
        11.5.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028)
    11.6    Others
12    Latin America Facility Management Market Analysis
    12.1    Brazil
        12.1.1    Market Share
        12.1.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022) 
        12.1.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028)
    12.2    Argentina
        12.2.1    Market Share
        12.2.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022) 
        12.2.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028)
    12.3    Mexico
        12.3.1    Market Share
        12.3.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022) 
        12.3.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028)
    12.4    Others
13    Middle East and Africa Facility Management Market Analysis
    13.1    Saudi Arabia
        13.1.1    Market Share
        13.1.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022) 
        13.1.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028)
    13.2    United Arab Emirates
        13.2.1    Market Share
        13.2.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022) 
        13.2.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028)
    13.3    Nigeria
        13.3.1    Market Share
        13.3.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022) 
        13.3.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028)
    13.4    South Africa
        13.4.1    Market Share
        13.4.2    Historical Trend (2018-2022) 
        13.4.3    Forecast Trend (2023-2028)
    13.5    Others
14    Market Dynamics
    14.1    SWOT Analysis
        14.1.1    Strengths
        14.1.2    Weaknesses
        14.1.3    Opportunities
        14.1.4    Threats
    14.2    Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
        14.2.1    Supplier’s Power
        14.2.2    Buyer’s Power
        14.2.3    Threat of New Entrants
        14.2.4    Degree of Rivalry
        14.2.5    Threat of Substitutes
    14.3    Key Indicators for Demand
    14.4    Key Indicators for Price
15    Value Chain Analysis
16    Competitive Landscape

    16.1    Market Structure
    16.2    Company Profiles
        16.2.1    CBRE Group, Inc.
            16.2.1.1    Company Overview
            16.2.1.2    Product Portfolio
            16.2.1.3    Demographic Reach and Achievements
            16.2.1.4    Certifications
        16.2.2    Compass Group
            16.2.2.1    Company Overview
            16.2.2.2    Product Portfolio
            16.2.2.3    Demographic Reach and Achievements
            16.2.2.4    Certifications
        16.2.3    Jones Lang LaSalle Inc.
            16.2.3.1    Company Overview
            16.2.3.2    Product Portfolio
            16.2.3.3    Demographic Reach and Achievements
            16.2.3.4    Certifications
        16.2.4    Dusters Total Solutions Services Pvt. Ltd
            16.2.4.1    Company Overview
            16.2.4.2    Product Portfolio
            16.2.4.3    Demographic Reach and Achievements
            16.2.4.4    Certifications
        16.2.5    BVG India Limited
            16.2.5.1    Company Overview
            16.2.5.2    Product Portfolio
            16.2.5.3    Demographic Reach and Achievements
            16.2.5.4    Certifications
        16.2.6    ISS Facility Services India Pvt. Ltd.
            16.2.6.1    Company Overview
            16.2.6.2    Product Portfolio
            16.2.6.3    Demographic Reach and Achievements
            16.2.6.4    Certifications
        16.2.7    Cushman & Wakefield, Inc.
            16.2.7.1    Company Overview
            16.2.7.2    Product Portfolio
            16.2.7.3    Demographic Reach and Achievements
            16.2.7.4    Certifications
        16.2.8    Sodexo
            16.2.8.1    Company Overview
            16.2.8.2    Product Portfolio
            16.2.8.3    Demographic Reach and Achievements
            16.2.8.4    Certifications
        16.2.9    Mace Group
            16.2.9.1    Company Overview
            16.2.9.2    Product Portfolio
            16.2.9.3    Demographic Reach and Achievements
            16.2.9.4    Certifications
        16.2.10    Flexim Group SA
            16.2.10.1    Company Overview
            16.2.10.2    Product Portfolio
            16.2.10.3    Demographic Reach and Achievements
            16.2.10.4    Certifications
        16.2.11    Others
17    Key Trends and Developments in the Market


List of Key Figures and Tables

1.    Global Facility Management Market: Key Industry Highlights, 2018 and 2028
2.    Global Facility Management Historical Market: Breakup by Type (USD Billion), 2018-2022
3.    Global Facility Management Market Forecast: Breakup by Type (USD Billion), 2023-2028
4.    Global Facility Management Historical Market: Breakup by Sector (USD Billion), 2018-2022
5.    Global Facility Management Market Forecast: Breakup by Sector (USD Billion), 2023-2028
6.    Global Facility Management Historical Market: Breakup by Services (USD Billion), 2018-2022
7.    Global Facility Management Market Forecast: Breakup by Services (USD Billion), 2023-2028
8.    Global Facility Management Historical Market: Breakup by Industry (USD Billion), 2018-2022
9.    Global Facility Management Market Forecast: Breakup by Industry (USD Billion), 2023-2028
10.    Global Facility Management Historical Market: Breakup by Region (USD Billion), 2018-2022
11.    Global Facility Management Market Forecast: Breakup by Region (USD Billion), 2023-2028
12.    North America Facility Management Historical Market: Breakup by Country (USD Billion), 2018-2022
13.    North America Facility Management Market Forecast: Breakup by Country (USD Billion), 2023-2028
14.    Europe Facility Management Historical Market: Breakup by Country (USD Billion), 2018-2022
15.    Europe Facility Management Market Forecast: Breakup by Country (USD Billion), 2023-2028
16.    Asia Pacific Facility Management Historical Market: Breakup by Country (USD Billion), 2018-2022
17.    Asia Pacific Facility Management Market Forecast: Breakup by Country (USD Billion), 2023-2028
18.    Latin America Facility Management Historical Market: Breakup by Country (USD Billion), 2018-2022
19.    Latin America Facility Management Market Forecast: Breakup by Country (USD Billion), 2023-2028
20.    Middle East and Africa Facility Management Historical Market: Breakup by Country (USD Billion), 2018-2022
21.    Middle East and Africa Facility Management Market Forecast: Breakup by Country (USD Billion), 2023-2028
22.    Global Facility Management Market Structure

Key Questions Answered in the Report

In 2021, the global facility management market attained a value of nearly USD 1,435.51 billion.

The market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 3.70% between 2021 and 2026.

The market is estimated to witness a healthy growth in the forecast period of 2023-2028, to reach about USD 1,774.82 billion by 2027.

The major drivers of the industry, such as the change in workplace design and work culture, rising focus on enhancing efficiency and improving workflow, growing construction activities and rising infrastructural investments, and rapid technological advancements, are expected to aid the market growth.

The key market trends guiding the growth of the industry include the growing adoption of integrated facility management (IFM) and the increasing shift towards digital technologies.

The major regions in the industry are North America, Latin America, the Middle East and Africa, Europe, and the Asia Pacific, with North America accounting for the largest share in the market. 

The leading types of facility management in the market are in-house and outsourced.

The major sectors in the industry are public and private, among others.

The significant services of facility management in the market are soft services and hard service, among others.

The leading industries of facility management in the industry are banking, financial services, and insurance, healthcare, IT and telecom, manufacturing, education, military and defence, energy and utilities, and construction and real estate, among others.

The major players in the industry are CBRE Group, Inc., Compass Group, Jones Lang LaSalle Inc., Dusters Total Solutions Services Pvt. Ltd, BVG India Limited, ISS Facility Services India Pvt. Ltd., Cushman & Wakefield, Inc., Sodexo, Mace Group, and Flexim Group SA, among others.

Analyst Review

The global facility management market attained a value of USD 1,435.51 billion in 2021, driven by the rising change in workplace design and work culture. Aided by the growing technological advancements, the market is expected to witness a further growth in the forecast period of 2023-2028, growing at a CAGR of 3.70%. The market is projected to reach USD 1,774.82 billion by 2027.

 

EMR’s meticulous research methodology delves deep into the market, covering the macro and micro aspects of the industry. Based on type, the market is bifurcated into in-house and outsourced. By sector, the industry is segmented into public and private, among others. On the basis of service, the market is divided into soft services and hard service, among others. By industry, the market is categorised into banking, financial services, and insurance, healthcare, IT and telecom, manufacturing, education, military and defence, energy and utilities, and construction and real estate, among others.

 

The major regional markets for facility management are North America, Europe, the Asia Pacific, Latin America, and the Middle East and Africa, with North America accounting for the largest share of the market. The key players in market include CBRE Group, Inc., Compass Group, Jones Lang LaSalle Inc., Dusters Total Solutions Services Pvt. Ltd, BVG India Limited, ISS Facility Services India Pvt. Ltd., Cushman & Wakefield, Inc., Sodexo, Mace Group, and Flexim Group SA, among others.

 

EMR’s research methodology uses a combination of cutting-edge analytical tools and the expertise of their highly accomplished team, thus, providing their customers with market insights that are accurate, actionable, and help them remain ahead of their competition.

Purchase Full Report

Mini Report

$1699
  • Selected Sections, One User
  • Printing Not Allowed
  • Email Delivery in PDF
  • Free Limited Customisation
  • Post Sales Analyst Support
  • 50% Discount on Next Update

Single User License

$2799
  • All Sections, One User
  • One Print Allowed
  • Email Delivery in PDF
  • Free Limited Customisation
  • Post Sales Analyst Support
  • 50% Discount on Next Update

Five User License

$3999
  • All Sections, Five Users
  • Five Prints Allowed
  • Email Delivery in PDF
  • Free Limited Customisation
  • Post Sales Analyst Support
  • 50% Discount on Next Update

Corporate License

$4999
  • All Sections, Unlimited Users
  • Unlimited Prints Allowed
  • Email Delivery in PDF + Excel
  • Free Limited Customisation
  • Post Sales Analyst Support
  • 50% Discount on Next Update

Any Question? Speak With An Analyst

Contact Analyst

View A Sample

Request Sample

Did You Miss Anything, Ask Now

Request Customisation
Why Expert Market Research?

Right People

We are technically excellent, strategic, practical, experienced and efficient; our analysts are hand-picked based on having the right attributes to work successfully and execute projects based on your expectations.

Right Methodology

We leverage our cutting-edge technology, our access to trusted databases, and our knowledge of the current models used in the market to deliver you research solutions that are tailored to your needs and put you ahead of the curve.

Right Price

We deliver in-depth and superior quality research in prices that are reasonable, unmatchable, and shows our understanding of your resource structure. We, additionally, offer attractive discounts on our upcoming reports.

Right Support

Our team of expert analysts are at your beck and call to deliver you optimum results that are customised to meet your precise needs within the specified timeframe and help you form a better understanding of the industry.

NEWSLETTER